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Tonight we had a tutorial by Julie Morris on medical statistics.
The questions she discussed were:
Statistics Questions
1. Weight
gain in pregnancy was measured in a sample of 1000 women. Summary statistics of
the weight gain were calculated. (Answer
yes/no to each statement)-
A
The median is the weight gain value
which occurs most frequently
B
If weight gain was found to have a positively
skewed distribution, the mean will be less than the median.
C
The interquartile range is unaffected
by outliers
D
A large positive outlier will increase
the mean
E
The median is affected by outliers
2. For
a cohort of babies, birthweight was considered to be Normally distributed with
a mean of 3000g and a standard deviation of 500g. It follows that: (Answer
yes/no to each statement)-
A
All birthweights must be less than
4500g
B
The distribution of birthweights is
skewed
C
About 50% of birthweights are above
3000g
D
About 2.5% of birthweights are below
2000g
E
About 95% of birthweights are between
2500g and 3500g
3. Theme:
Summary statistics
A mean E interquartile range
B standard deviation F percentage
C range G mode
D median H standard error
For
each type of data description given below choose the SINGLE most appropriate
summary statistic. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at
all.
1.
The variability of length of hospital
stay for 230 mothers following a caesarean, where length of stay is Normally
distributed.
2.
The extremes of length of hospital
stay for 230 mothers following a caesarean, where length of stay is Normally
distributed
3.
The elective
caesarean section rate in a hospital for 2011
4. To
assess the effectiveness of a new antenatal screening test, 100 pregnant women
over 45 years of age, were screened. 25
women subsequently had babies with mild congenital problems. 20 of these 25
women had a positive screening test result. 65 of those with normal babies had
a negative test result. (Answer yes/no to each statement).
A
The predictive value of a positive
test result as a marker for congenital
problems is 20/35
B
The sensitivity of the test will not depend
upon the prevalence of congenital problems in the cohort of women to which it
is applied
C
The sensitivity of the screening test
is 20/100
D
The specificity of the screening test
is 65/75
E
Specificity=1-sensitivity
5. In
a study looking at the relationship between blood pressure during pregnancy and
fetal growth, 130 women had their 24-hour blood pressure readings taken in
mid-pregnancy. The size of the baby was recorded at birth. The Pearson correlation
between blood pressure and birthweight was found to equal -0.70 with an
associated p-value of p<0.001.
(Answer
yes/no to each statement):
A
Blood pressure explains 70% of the variability in birthweight
B
We can conclude that increasing blood
pressure is a cause of low birthweight
C
A correlation of zero is interpreted
as showing no association between two variables
D
The correlation between blood pressure
and birthweight can be different from the correlation between birthweight and
blood pressure
E
There is a significant negative linear
relationship between blood pressure and
birthweight
6. In
a study of 75 infants with median gestational age 30 weeks (range 25 to 42
weeks), lung area was calculated from chest radiographs and lung volume from
measurements of FRC. The aim of the study was to see whether lung area would
predict lung volume in neonates. (choose
just one).
A
Chi-square test
B
Correlation coefficient
C
Mann-Whitney U-test
D
Regression analysis
E Two-sample t-test
7. A
cohort of women experiencing nausea and vomiting in pregnancy were given
acid-reducing medication. The Pregnancy-Unique Quantification of Emesis and
nausea (PUQUE) score was recorded before and after treatment. The clinical
effect of the medication could be evaluated using: (Answer yes or no to each
statement):
A
The Student paired t-test
B
The Spearman correlation coefficient
C
The Wilcoxon matched-pairs test
D
The Sign test
E
The Mann-Whitney U-test
8. Theme: Statistical significance tests
A Chi-square test F Spearman
correlation
B Two-sample t-test G Mann-Whitney U-test
C Pearson correlation H Wilcoxon
test
D Fisher’s Exact test I Paired t-test
E Linear regression J ANOVA
For
each of the studies described below choose the SINGLE most appropriate
statistical test. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at
all.
1.
A comparison of two audits (2011 vs 2006) of
smoking habits of pregnant women looking at the percentage of current smokers.
2.
In a cohort of 500 pregnant women, maternal
cotinine levels (an indicator of exposure to cigarette smoke) were measured.
The aim of the study was to see whether high maternal cotinine levels were
related to subsequent birthweight. It was assumed that cotinine levels would
have a highly skewed distribution.
3.
Adrenaline
concentrations were measured in 30 mechanically-ventilated babies at 1 hour and
24 hours to assess whether there had been a significant change. The adrenaline
concentrations cannot be assumed to follow a Normal distribution.
9. In
a study of diet and epithelial ovarian cancer, 128 women with cancer and 251
women without cancer were asked about their consumption of dairy products. 50%
of cancer patients and 10% of controls reported consuming yoghurt regularly: (Answer
yes or no to each statement):
A
This is a cohort study
B
The odds ratio is 9
C
The odds ratio is 5
D
The relative risk can be estimated by
an odds ratio if the disease is rare and the cases and controls are random
samples from the same population.
E
An odds ratio of 0 indicates no
difference between cancer patients and controls in the consumption of yoghurt.
10. In
a study of the effect of a new antibiotic therapy for bacterial vaginosis in
pregnancy, the infection response rate for women on the new antibiotics was
0.4, whereas it was 0.2 in the control
group (p=0.03). (Answer yes or no to each statement):
A
The infection response rate was
significantly lower in the control group.
B
The NNT is the difference in the
number of infection-free women in the treated group compared to the control
group
C
The NNT=5
D
The NNT=2
E
The NNT is the number of women needed
to receive the intervention to see one additional occurrence of the outcome in
the treatment group
We then discussed two essays.
1. With regard to female genital mutilation (FGM).
1. what are the key
aspects of the law in the UK relating to FGM. 2 marks.
2. what are the
responsibilities of the doctor who suspects that a child may be subjected to
FGM?
2
marks.
3. how is FGM
graded? 3 marks.
4. outline the
management of woman found at booking to have had FGM. 13 marks.
1. Justify
the history you will take. 6
marks.
2. Justify
the investigations you will arrange. 6
marks.
3. Justify your management,
assuming the diagnosis to be pyelonephritis. 12
marks.
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